Explainer
Get the last element of a Python list
Read a list’s final item with negative indexing, handle empty lists deliberately, and distinguish reading an item from removing it.
Explainer
Get the length of a Python list
Use len() to count list elements, understand what nested lists count, and handle iterators that do not provide a length.
Explainer
Extract a substring in Python
Use string slices for index ranges, handle delimiters safely, and account for negative indexes, zero-length requests, and Unicode boundaries.
Explainer
Measure Python program execution time
Use perf_counter for elapsed time, timeit for repeated small benchmarks, and a timer that still reports when the measured code raises.
Technical guide
Search committed code throughout Git history
Search historical snapshots with git grep, find changes with git log -S or -G, and keep searches manageable in large or shallow repositories.
Explainer
Handle application URLs behind an Nginx path prefix
Map a reverse-proxied application under a subpath, fix redirect and cookie paths, and understand the limits of HTML substitution.
Explainer
Import a Python module dynamically by name or path
Use importlib for runtime module names, load a trusted file with a checked module spec, and understand discovery, caching, and reload limits.
Explainer
Iterate over a Python dictionary with a for loop
Choose keys, values, or items, preserve insertion-order expectations, and avoid changing a dictionary’s keys during iteration.
Explainer
Log HTTP requests made with Python Requests
Use urllib3 diagnostics or Requests response hooks, understand which failures and payloads they omit, and avoid exposing credentials in HTTP logs.
Explainer
Write structured JSON logs in Python
Choose a JSON logging package or a custom formatter, preserve exception details and event timestamps, and validate fields before sending logs to a collector.
Explainer
Log to a file and the console in Python
Attach separate handlers for file and console output, set their thresholds independently, and prevent duplicate records and uncontrolled file growth.
Explainer
Send Python logs to standard output
Route Python logging to stdout with basicConfig or StreamHandler, and understand configuration ownership and container log collection.